![]() ![]() In bode plot the horizontal axis represents frequency on a logarithmic scale and the vertical axis represents either the amplitude or the phase of the frequency response function. Hence using our formula for phase margin, the phase margin is equal to -189. In our example shown in the graph above, the phase lag is -189. This is the phase as read from the vertical axis of the phase plot at the gain crossover frequency. The Bode Plot is the frequency response plot of linear systems represented in the form of logarithmic plots. The formula for Phase Margin (PM) can be expressed as: Where is the phase lag (a number less than 0). ![]()
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